Njira yopanga haidrojeni peroxide
Njira yopanga haidrojeni peroxide
Mankhwala a hydrogen peroxide ndi H2O2, omwe amadziwika kuti hydrogen peroxide. Maonekedwe ndi madzi owonekera opanda mtundu, ndi oxidant amphamvu, yankho lake lamadzi ndi loyenera kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Munthawi yanthawi zonse, imawola kukhala madzi ndi okosijeni, koma kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kumakhala pang'onopang'ono, ndipo liwiro la zomwe zimachitika limathandizira powonjezera chothandizira - manganese dioxide kapena ma radiation afupiafupi.
Thupi katundu
Njira yamadzimadzi ndi yamadzimadzi yopanda mtundu, yosungunuka m'madzi, mowa, ether, komanso yosasungunuka mu benzene ndi petroleum ether.
Peroxide yoyera ya hydrogen peroxide ndi madzi a buluu owoneka bwino omwe amasungunuka ndi -0,43 ° C ndi malo otentha a 150.2 ° C. Hydrogen peroxide yoyera idzasintha masinthidwe ake a maselo, kotero kuti malo osungunuka adzasinthanso. Kuchulukana kolimba pa malo oundana kunali 1.71 g/, ndipo kachulukidweko kacheperako pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka. Ili ndi gawo lalikulu la mayanjano kuposa H2O, kotero kuti dielectric yake yokhazikika komanso yowira imakhala yokwera kuposa madzi. Peroxide yoyera ya hydrogen imakhala yokhazikika, ndipo imawonongeka mwamphamvu m'madzi ndi mpweya ikatenthedwa mpaka 153 ° C. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti palibe intermolecular hydrogen chomangira mu hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen peroxide imakhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni amphamvu pazinthu zakuthupi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati oxidizing.
Mankhwala katundu
1. Oxidative
(Zoyera zoyera mu utoto wamafuta [basic lead carbonate] zimachita ndi hydrogen sulfide mumlengalenga kupanga sulfide yakuda, yomwe imatha kutsukidwa ndi hydrogen peroxide)
(imafuna alkaline medium)
2. Kuchepetsa
3. Mu 10 ml ya 10% yankho lachitsanzo, onjezerani 5 ml ya dilute sulfuric acid test solution (TS-241) ndi 1 ml ya potassium permanganate test solution (TS-193).
Payenera kukhala thovu ndipo mtundu wa potaziyamu permanganate umatha. Ndi acidic kwa litmus. Pankhani ya organic matter, imakhala yophulika.
4. Tengani 1 g ya chitsanzo (yolondola kwa 0.1 mg) ndi kuchepetsa 250.0 ml ndi madzi. 25 ml ya yankho adatengedwa, ndipo 10 ml ya dilute sulfuric acid test solution (TS-241) idawonjezedwa, kutsatiridwa ndi titration ndi 0.1 mol/L potassium permanganate. 0.1 mol / L pa ml. Potaziyamu permanganate imagwirizana ndi 1.70 mg wa hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2).
5. Pankhani ya organic matter, kutentha, kumasulidwa kwa okosijeni ndi madzi, ngati chromic acid, potaziyamu permanganate, ufa wachitsulo unachita mwamphamvu. Kuti mupewe kuwonongeka, mutha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa stabilizer monga sodium stannate, sodium pyrophosphate kapena zina zotero.
6. Hydrogen peroxide ndi asidi ofooka kwambiri: H2O2 = (osinthika) = H ++HO2-(Ka = 2.4 x 10-12). Choncho, peroxide yachitsulo ikhoza kuonedwa ngati mchere wake.
Cholinga chachikulu
Kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide kumagawidwa m'magulu azachipatala, ankhondo ndi mafakitale. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo tsiku lililonse ndi hydrogen peroxide. Mankhwala a hydrogen peroxide amatha kupha mabakiteriya a m'matumbo, pyogenic cocci, ndi yisiti ya pathogenic, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Hydrogen peroxide imakhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni, koma kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide yamankhwala ndikofanana kapena kutsika kuposa 3%. Ikapukutidwa pabalapo, imayaka, pamwamba pake imapangidwa ndi oxidized kukhala yoyera ndi kuwira, ndipo imatha kutsukidwa ndi madzi. Pambuyo pa mphindi 3-5 Bwezerani khungu loyambirira.
Makampani opanga mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira popanga sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, peracetic acid, sodium chlorite, thiourea peroxide, ndi zina zotero, oxidizing agents monga tartaric acid ndi mavitamini. Makampani opanga mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso oxidant popanga thiram ndi malita 40 a antibacterial agents. Makampani osindikizira ndi opaka utoto amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati bleching pa nsalu za thonje komanso ngati utoto wopaka utoto wa vat. Kuchotsa chitsulo ndi zitsulo zina zolemera zikagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mchere wachitsulo kapena mankhwala ena. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'malo osambira a electroplating kuti achotse zonyansa zamtundu uliwonse ndikuwongolera magawo omwe amakutidwa. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyeretsa ubweya, silika yaiwisi, minyanga ya njovu, zamkati, mafuta, ndi zina zambiri. Mafuta ambiri a hydrogen peroxide angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta opangira roketi.
Civil ntchito: kuthana ndi fungo la sewero khitchini, kwa pharmacy kugula hydrogen peroxide kuphatikiza madzi ndi kusamba ufa mu ngalande akhoza decontaminated, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chosawilitsidwa;
3% ya hydrogen peroxide (kalasi yachipatala) yakupha mabala.
Lamulo la mafakitale
Alkaline hydrogen peroxide kupanga njira: kryptoni munali mpweya elekitirodi kubala zamchere hydrogen peroxide, yodziwika kuti peyala iliyonse maelekitirodi wapangidwa ndi anode mbale, pulasitiki mauna, cation nembanemba ndi helium munali mpweya cathode, kumtunda. ndi m'munsi malekezero a electrode ntchito dera. Pali chipinda chogawa cholowera mumadzimadzi ndi chipinda chosonkhanitsira chotulutsa madzimadzi, ndipo orifice imakonzedwa panjira yamadzimadzi, ndipo ma elekitirodi amitundu yambiri amatengera njira yolumikizirana ya dipole kuti atalikitse kufewa kwa pulasitiki kwa anode yozungulira. polowera madzi alkali ndi potulukira. Pambuyo chubu chikugwirizana ndi madzi kusonkhanitsa zobwezedwa, Mipikisano chigawo electrode gulu anasonkhana ndi mbale unit.
Phosphoric acid neutralization njira: imadziwika kuti imakonzedwa kuchokera kumadzimadzi amadzimadzi a sodium peroxide ndi njira zotsatirazi:
(1) Njira yamadzimadzi ya sodium peroxide imasinthidwa kukhala pH ya 9.0 mpaka 9.7 ndi phosphoric acid kapena sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 kupanga njira yamadzimadzi ya Na2HPO4 ndi H2O2.
(2) Njira yamadzimadzi ya Na2HPO4 ndi H2O2 inakhazikika ku +5 mpaka -5 ° C kotero kuti ambiri a Na2HPO4 adatenthedwa ngati Na2HPO4•10H2O hydrate.
(3) Chisakanizo chokhala ndi Na2HPO4 • 10H 2 O hydrate ndi madzi amadzimadzi a hydrogen peroxide solution anapatulidwa mu cholekanitsa cha centrifugal kuti alekanitse Na 2HPO 4 • 10H 2 O makhiristo kuchokera ku Na 2 HPO 4 ndi madzi amadzimadzi a hydrogen peroxide.
(4) The amadzimadzi yothetsera munali pang'ono Na2HPO4 ndi hydrogen peroxide anali nthunzi mu evaporator kupeza nthunzi munali H2O2 ndi H2O, ndi anaikira mchere njira ya Na2HPO4 munali hydrogen peroxide anatulutsidwa kuchokera pansi ndi kubwerera ku neutralization thanki. .
(5) The nthunzi munali H2O2 ndi H2O pansi fractional distillation pansi kupsyinjika amachepetsa kupeza pafupifupi 30% H2O2 mankhwala.
Electrolytic sulfuric acid njira: electrolyzed 60% sulfuric asidi kupeza peroxodisulfuric asidi, ndiyeno hydrolyzed kupeza ndende ya 95% hydrogen peroxide.
2-Ethyl oxime njira: Njira yayikulu yopangira masikelo a mafakitale ndi njira ya 2-ethyl oxime (EAQ). 2-ethyl hydrazine pa kutentha kwina.
Mphamvuyi imayambana ndi haidrojeni pogwira ntchito ya chothandizira kupanga 2-ethylhydroquinone, ndipo 2-ethylhydroquinone imapanga mpweya wokhala ndi okosijeni pa kutentha kwina ndi kupanikizika.
Kuchepetsa kuchitapo kanthu, 2-ethylhydroquinone imachepetsedwa kukhala 2-ethyl hydrazine ndipo hydrogen peroxide imapangidwa. Pambuyo pochotsa, madzi amadzimadzi a hydrogen peroxide amapangidwa, ndipo pamapeto pake amayeretsedwa ndi hydrocarbon yolemera kwambiri kuti apeze yankho lamadzi la hydrogen peroxide, lomwe limadziwika kuti hydrogen peroxide. Ambiri mwa njira imeneyi ntchito kukonzekera 27,5% wa hydrogen peroxide, ndi apamwamba ndende amadzimadzi hydrogen peroxide njira (monga 35%, 50% hydrogen peroxide) akhoza analandira ndi distillation.
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